Easily grown in a shady position in a soil that is rich in leaf-mould. Prefers a light sandy soil. Succeeds on chalk. Plants can be grown on drystone walls. Grows well in heavy clay soils. Prefers a shady position with no more than 3 hours sunlight a day, greater exposure will cause yellowing and burning of the leaves. One report says that it succeeds in dry shade. Requires a pH of 6 or more in order to flourish. Plants are hardy to about -30°c, they grow very well in SW. England. A very adaptable plant. There are many named forms, selected for their ornamental value. Members of this genus are rarely if ever troubled by browsing deer.

None known

Spores - best sown as soon as they are ripe on the surface of a humus-rich sterilized soil. Keep the compost moist, preferably by putting a plastic bag over the pot. The spores usually germinate in the spring. Spring sown spores germinate in 1 - 3 months at 15°c. Pot on small clumps of plantlets as soon as they are large enough to handle and grow them on in light shade in a greenhouse. Keep the plants humid until they are well established. Once the plants are 15cm or more tall, plant them out into their permanent positions in the spring. Division in spring. Leaf bases - dig up the plant and wash off the soil until the old caudex covered with 'dead' leaf bases can be clearly seen. Strip off these bases individually by peeling them down the caudex. At the point of attachment they will be green. Young plants can be raised by planting these leaf bases, green tip up, in a pot of loam-based compost and enclosing the pot in a plastic bag. Within one month green swellings will appear around the original point of attachment to the caudex, each of these will develop quite quickly into a young fern. It takes 3 months in summer but longer in winter.

Moist banks and walls, rocks in damp shady places in woodlands, often on lime-rich soils.